本集課程重點包括：

1.機會教育很重要

本章是孔子的機會教育，含藏著老師對學生的關愛。會教書的老師懂得機會教育，吃飯、穿衣、出遊，各種場合都是一個教育的時間。教導的方式，可能表現一種生活的典型，可能談談有趣的心得，或者只是不經意的一句話，但都會對學生們產生很深的印象，甚至可能因此改變他們的命運，所以這種機會教育非常重要。

2.孝道表現在不違背父親的遺言

魯國大夫孟僖子要過世的時候，教導他的兩個兒子，孟懿子跟南宮敬叔，要跟孔子學禮。因為禮才能維持貴族的尊嚴，維持一個家的風采。孟懿子有一次問孔子什麼是孝，孔子回答「無違」，就是不要違背父親要他學禮這件事情。

3.孔子的機會教育

孔子說了「無違」，知道孟懿子一定不了解，所以趁著樊遲為他駕車時，告訴樊遲無違的意涵，靜待孟懿子與樊遲討論交流，就可以知道答案，這也是一種教學方法。

4.「生，事之以禮。死，葬之以禮。祭之以禮」的意義

父母親還在世的時候，要以禮來事奉，例如晨昏定省、聆聽教誨、幫忙去做各種事情，還有包括勸諫過錯，這些在《孝經》裡面都有說明。

父母親過世的時候，要依照父母親的身分以禮埋葬，表達對死者的恭敬，表徵死者的地位。守喪、懷念、延續家業，都在「葬之以禮」當中。

當父母親過世三年以後，移入列祖列宗的牌位，還要祭之以禮。喪葬依照死者的身分用禮；祭祀則依生者的身分去用禮。所以「葬」與「祭」如果好好講究，子女不敢為非作歹，而且會承先啟後、發憤圖強。

為政篇第五章白話解釋

【經文】

孟懿子問孝。子曰：無違。樊遲御，子告之曰：孟孫問孝於我，我對曰無違。樊遲曰：何謂也。子曰：生，事之以禮。死，葬之以禮。祭之以禮。

【字詞解釋】

御：ㄩˋ，駕車。

【白話解釋】

孟懿子，魯國大夫，姓仲孫，名何忌。懿，是他的諡號。

魯國出自桓公的三大公族，即孟孫氏、叔孫氏、季孫氏。這三家都是魯國的權臣，且權勢愈來愈重，違禮亂政也愈甚。孟懿子就是孟孫氏的後代，他的父親是孟僖子仲孫貜。《左傳》記載，春秋昭公七年，孟僖子將死，召其家臣，臨終時囑咐其子仲孫何忌從孔子學禮，是知孟懿子在孔門座下有弟子名分。但弟子傳裡沒有孟懿子，論語此章之注，只說孟懿子是魯大夫，不說是孔子弟子。據《劉氏正義》說，孔子仕魯，命墮三家不合制度的都城，獨有孟懿子違命，以致聖人政化不行。弟子傳不列其名，此注亦不云弟子，當為此故。

樊遲，樊須，字子遲，魯國人，孔子弟子。

此章孟懿子問孝，孔子回答「無違」，即不要違背其父遺囑學禮之意。不違父教學禮，就是孝道。孔子弟子樊遲為孔子駕車，孔子告訴樊遲說，孟孫向我問孝，我答覆他「無違」。此乃孔子惟恐孟孫不了解無違之意，所以告訴樊遲，以便向孟懿子解釋。樊遲不了解無違的意思，故問孔子是何意，孔子就以生事葬祭三句解釋其意義，即父母生時，為人子者應以禮事奉父母的衣食住等。父母去世時，以禮辦理喪葬之事，如棺槨墓地等都要合乎禮制。喪畢則祭，祭祀所用的祭品皆有禮制。生事、死葬、祭祀皆能以禮，便是盡孝。

【章旨】

孟孫、叔孫、季氏，三家皆違禮，故孔子針對魯國三家權臣的違禮，教孟懿子盡孝之道，必須循禮。

《論語講要》原文

據孔安國注，孟懿子，是魯國大夫，姓仲孫，名何忌。懿，是他的諡號。

魯國出自桓公的三大公族，即孟孫氏、叔孫氏、季孫氏。這三家都是魯國的權臣，愈到後來，權勢愈重，違禮亂政亦愈甚。孟懿子就是孟孫氏的後代。他的父親是孟僖子仲孫貜。春秋昭公七年，左氏傳說，孟僖子將死，召其家臣，遺囑何忌從孔子學禮。是知懿子在孔門有弟子名分。但弟子傳裡沒有懿子，論語此章之注，只說懿子是魯大夫，不說是孔子弟子。據劉氏正義說，孔子仕魯，命墮三家不合制度的都城，獨有懿子梗命，以致聖人政化不行。弟子傳不列其名，此注亦不云弟子，當為此故。

「孟懿子問孝。」孔子答覆：「無違。」諸弟子問孝，孔子答復，因人而異。此以「無違」答復懿子，是教懿子，不違其父教其學禮之意。不違父教學禮，就是孝道。

「樊遲御。」樊遲是孔子弟子，名須，為孔子御車。孔子告訴樊遲說，孟孫向我問孝，我答復他「無違。」孟孫，就是孟懿子。據鄭康成注，孔子惟恐孟孫不了解無違之意，所以告訴樊遲，以便轉為孟懿子解釋。

「樊遲曰，何謂也。」樊遲亦不了解無違何意，故問孔子「何謂也。」孔子就以生事葬祭三句解釋其意義。

「生事之以禮。」父母生存時，為子者以禮事奉父母。如邢疏引禮記曲禮所說「冬溫而夏凊，昏定而晨省。」之屬。事奉父母的衣食住等，一切皆合禮制。

「死葬之以禮。」父母去世時，以禮辦理喪葬之事。如棺槨墓地等，都要合乎禮制。

「祭之以禮。」喪畢則祭。邢疏謂春秋祭祀以時思之。祭祀時所用的祭品，皆有禮制。

皇疏：「孟孫三家，僭濫違禮，故孔子以每事須禮為答也。」

生事，死葬，祭祀，皆能以禮，便是盡孝。孟孫、叔孫、季孫，三家皆違禮，所以孔子教懿子無違。

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects

22.Book 2 Wei Zheng (Of Governance), Chapter 5

Meng Yi asked what filial piety was. The Master said, “It is not being disobedient.” Soon after, as Fan Chi was driving him, the Master told him, saying, “Meng-sun asked me what filial piety was, and I answered him, -‘not being disobedient.’” Fan Chi said, “What did you mean?” The Master replied, “That parents, when alive, be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried according to propriety; and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety.”

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. Take every opportunity possible to teach is very important

  In this chapter, we can see Confucius take every teachable moment to teach his disciple, showing great concern for him. A good teacher knows how to seize the opportunity to teach under different circumstances such as eating, dressing, and traveling. Teachers create a natural pedagogical stance that represent some typical form of life, talking about interesting information and experiences, or a generalized and inadvertently line spoken in conversation. Such teaching moment triggers curiosity of the learners, in what they learn become unforgettable. This might even change the future of learners. Therefore, to take opportune time to teach and to learn is very important.

2. Filial piety is expressed in no act against the father’s will

  Meng Xizi孟僖子 was a powerful minister of state Lu. When dying, he asked his two sons Meng Yizi孟懿子 and Nangong Jingshu南宮敬叔 to learn propriety from Confucius. Since the practice of propriety is noble-oriented, the maintenance of which protect the prestigious nobility of the family, preserve the dignity and style of the Meng family. Once Meng Yizi asked Confucius what is filial piety. Confucius replied “not being disobedient”. It means that do not break his father’s will of requesting his sons to learn propriety from the Master.

3. Confucius took every teachable moment

  After saying “not being disobedient” as a reply to Meng’s question about filial piety. Confucius knew Meng did not get it. As Fan Chi drove him home, the Master took the time explained the practice of filial piety in detail. (Fan Chi, also known as Fan Xu樊須, courteous as Zichi子遲, was friendly with Meng Yizi.) The Master foresaw Meng Yizi intention to ask Fan Chi about the meaning of his reply, sooner or later. This is also a kind of teaching method used by the Master.

4. The meaning of “That parents, when alive, be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried according to propriety; and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety.”

  When parents are still alive, we should serve them according to propriety required, such as paying morning and evening visits to parents, inquiring about their health and listen to their instructions respectfully, proactively helping to do chores, and remonstrating with them regarding conducts inappropriate. These filial obligation are mentioned in Xiao Jing孝經 -- The Classic of Filial Piety.

  When parents passed away, the burial ceremony of propriety has to follow codes in accordance with the status of parents, which expressed respect and signified their position. Rituals related to burial and funeral involved acts of mourning, eulogizing for parents, and the descendants’ resolution to carry on the family’s legacy and honor.  

  In funeral service, deceased’s status governed the code of propriety applied while status of survivors determined the code of propriety for worship and sacrifice offering ceremonies. Therefore, when the propriety of “burial” and the “sacrificial” ceremonies are properly implemented, descendants will dare not to do any misconduct. Descendants will take the responsibility to hold family history to go on, linking the past to present and contribute to family’s flourishment and good reputation in the future.